General guidelines to avoid memory leaks in C++

Memory management in C++ is a critical yet error-prone area. To avoid memory leaks, follow these fundamental guidelines:

1. Use Smart Pointers: C++11 introduced smart pointers such as std::unique_ptr and std::shared_ptr, which automatically manage memory. These pointers release the memory they own when destroyed, preventing memory leaks.

   Example:

   cpp
   #include <memory>
   
   void useSmartPointer() {
       std::unique_ptr<int> ptr(new int(10));
       // Use ptr
       // No manual deletion required; memory is automatically released when ptr goes out of scope.
   }

2. Minimize Raw Pointers: Reduce the use of raw pointers, especially when allocating memory. If raw pointers are necessary, ensure every new has a corresponding delete.

3. Apply RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization): Bind resource acquisition to the object's lifetime. Acquire resources during construction and release them during destruction.

   Example:

   cpp
   class MyClass {
   private:
       int* myArray;
   public:
       MyClass(int size) {
           myArray = new int[size];
       }
       ~MyClass() {
           delete[] myArray;
       }
   };

4. Ensure Symmetry in Allocation and Deallocation: Always pair new with delete and new[] with delete[].

5. Use Standard Containers: Leverage standard containers like std::vector and std::string, which automatically manage memory and reduce leak risks.

6. Utilize Memory Leak Detection Tools: Regularly use tools like Valgrind or AddressSanitizer to detect and fix leaks.

7. Adhere to Good Programming Practices: Avoid returning addresses or references to local variables, and use exception-safe coding patterns.

Following these guidelines significantly reduces the risk of memory leaks in C++ programming. Continuous learning and practice will help master C++ memory management techniques. Memory leaks occur when allocated memory is not properly released, leading to wasted memory and potential performance issues or crashes.